How do I calculate VAT?

Multiply the net price by the VAT rate as a decimal. £100 net at 20% UK VAT is £100 × 0.20 = £20 of VAT, for a £120 gross total.

How do I remove VAT from a gross price?

Divide the gross by (1 + rate ÷ 100). £120 gross at 20% VAT is £120 ÷ 1.20 = £100 net, with £20 of VAT included.

What's the standard UK VAT rate?

20% standard, 5% reduced (e.g. domestic energy, child car seats), and 0% on most food, books, and children's clothing.

Do I need to register for VAT?

In the UK you must register once your taxable turnover crosses £90,000 in any 12-month rolling period. Most EU countries have similar thresholds, often lower (€10,000–€100,000).

VAT vs sales tax — what's the difference?

VAT is charged at every stage of the supply chain; businesses reclaim VAT on inputs and only remit the net. US sales tax is charged once, at the final retail sale.

VAT Calculator

Add VAT to a net price, or back it out of a gross total. Pick a country to auto-fill the standard rate, or type your own (handy for reduced rates).

Quick answerAdd VAT: gross = net × (1 + rate ÷ 100). Remove VAT: net = gross ÷ (1 + rate ÷ 100). £100 net at 20% UK VAT becomes £120; a £120 gross at 20% VAT was £100 net with £20 VAT included.

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Net price (excl. VAT)

Country (sets standard rate)

VAT rate

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Gross (incl. VAT)

120

20 of VAT at 20.0%.

Net

100

VAT

Gross

120

Reverse charge & B2B EU sales: if you sell B2B between EU member states with both parties VAT-registered, the supplier usually charges 0% VAT under the reverse-charge mechanism. Confirm the buyer's VAT number on VIES before invoicing.

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How VAT is calculated

VAT is a percentage added to the net price. Businesses charge VAT on sales (output VAT) and reclaim VAT on purchases (input VAT) — the difference is what they owe to the tax authority. Consumers pay the gross price; only registered businesses can reclaim.

Standard VAT / GST rates (2026)

Country	Standard rate
United Kingdom (VAT)	20.0%
Ireland (VAT)	23.0%
Germany (USt)	19.0%
France (TVA)	20.0%
Spain (IVA)	21.0%
Italy (IVA)	22.0%
Netherlands (BTW)	21.0%
Belgium (BTW/TVA)	21.0%
Portugal (IVA)	23.0%
Austria (USt)	20.0%
Poland (VAT)	23.0%
Sweden (Moms)	25.0%
Denmark (Moms)	25.0%
Norway (MVA)	25.0%
Finland (ALV)	25.5%
Switzerland (MWST)	8.1%
Australia (GST)	10.0%
New Zealand (GST)	15.0%
Canada (GST, federal only)	5.0%
Singapore (GST)	9.0%
South Africa (VAT)	15.0%
India (GST, standard)	18.0%
Japan (Consumption Tax)	10.0%
United Arab Emirates (VAT)	5.0%